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DOI10.47051/AUHA6604 Published April 25, 2021. Updated February 4, 2024. Open access.

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Bridled Forest Gecko (Gonatodes humeralis)

Reptiles of Ecuador | Sauria | Sphaerodactylidae | Gonatodes humeralis

English common names: Bridled Forest Gecko, Rainbow Sun-Gecko, Trinidad Gecko, Orange-spotted Gecko, Spot-nosed Gecko, South American Clawed Gecko.

Spanish common names: Geco tornasol, salamanquesa de Trinidad.

Recognition: ♂♂ 9.7 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=4.2 cm. ♀♀ 9.3 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=4.1 cm..¹ Geckos of the genus Gonatodes differ from other lizards in Ecuador based on their diurnal habits, lack of moveable eyelids, undilated digits having exposed claws, and lack of a scaly supraciliary flap (present in Lepidoblepharis).^2,3 Bridled Forest Geckos differ from the two other Gonatodes occurring on the Ecuadorian Amazon by having a thin bright yellowish vertical bar just anterior to the arm. In G. concinnatus, the line is broad, white, black-bordered, and never anterior to the arm.⁴ Females of G. caudiscutatus lack the shoulder line and the males can be identified based on their distinctive head coloration: bright yellow to orange with contrasting dark brown to black reticulations.⁵ Males of G. humeralis differ markedly from females. They are brightly colored, ornamented with red, yellow, and bluish vermiculations (Fig. 1), but they can change to a dull gray color under circumstances such as stress or during social interactions.⁶ Females and juveniles are brownish overall.¹ Individuals, when sleeping, have a whitish color.^7,8

Figure 1: Individuals Gonatodes humeralis: Yasuní National Park, Orellana province, Ecuador (); Palmarí Reserve, Amazonas state, Brazil ().

Natural history: Gonatodes humeralis is a common diurnal lizard adapted to life on vertical surfaces. This species is a tree-trunk specialist, but can also be seen on logs, roots, lianas, palm fronds, and leaf-litter.³ Lizards spend most of their time at the base of trees (~71–213 cm off the ground)^9,10 but they range from the ground level all the way up to the canopy at 40 m above the ground.^10,11 The species occurs in old-growth to heavily disturbed evergreen forests, seasonally flooded as well as terra-firme,^1,11,12 but it has also been recorded in forest fragments within xeric shrubland regions in Brazil.^13,14 In some instances, G. humeralis occurs in sympatry with G. concinnatus,¹ but in Amazonian Ecuador, the latter occurs in more pristine habitats.^6,10 Gonatodes humeralis appears to be more common in forest clearings, rural gardens,¹⁵ parks in cities,¹ houses,^16,17 and in plantations (including Eucalyptus, cocoa, and palm hearts).^6,12,18

Although the preferred microhabitat of Gonatodes humeralis seems to be small to medium-sized (~9.5–30 cm in diameter) trees with crevices,^10,19,20 the species also occupies walls,^3,6 thatch ceilings, fences, wood posts,⁴ trash piles,²¹ and electrical tubes.¹¹ Usually, no more than three individuals occupy the same tree,¹ and males perch higher than females.^22,23 Bridled Forest Geckos are active between 7:00 am and 5:00 pm.^1,13 Most of their activity occurs on bright cloudy days when the ambient temperature is 24.2–29.4°C,^6,22 basking where sunlight hits exposed surfaces. On sunny days, the geckos retreat during the hot mid-day hours,^4,9 with most activity occurring in shaded rather than sunny spots.⁶ At night, individuals sleep on leaves adjacent to tree trunks 10–600 cm above the ground.^11,16 However, these geckos can also be active at night if artificial lighting is available.²¹

Individuals of Gonatodes humeralis are ambush predators that attack mobile insects that pass nearby (within around 10 cm).^3,24 The average duration per foraging movement is 13.2 seconds.²⁵ They feed mostly on insects (including beetles, roaches, mantids, termites, grasshoppers, crickets, springtails, hemipterans, butterflies, moths, earwigs, flies, ants, and insect larvae and pupae)³ but also on spiders, acari, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, centipedes, millipedes, isopods, mollusks, and earthworms.^6,9,24 On occasion, the geckos also eat their own shed skin as well as eggs of their own species.²⁴ Bridled Forest Geckos are extremely wary and and move quickly for short distances.⁴ When disturbed, they tend to move to the opposite side of the trunk, often running down to the leaf litter or retreating into crevices.^4,22,26 Individuals also lift and curl up their tails either as a decoy or to mimic a scorpion.²⁷ If captured, they can readily shed the tail as well as portions of their skin.⁴

There are records of snakes (Bothrops atrox, B. taeniatus,²⁸ Drymoluber dichrous, Chironius fuscus, Rhinobothryum lentiginosum, Siphlophis compressus, Oxybelis aeneus,^29,30 Xenodon severus,⁸ Xenoxybelis argenteus, and Taeniophallus brevirostris), lizards (Ameiva ameiva and Plica plica),^3,28 birds,^31,32 and monkeys¹¹ preying upon adults of G. humeralis.^9,21 The snake Drepanoides anomalus is reported as predator of the eggs.²⁸ There is an instance of fly larvae (family Sarcophagidae) parasitizing a member of this species.³³

The breeding season in Gonatodes humeralis appears to take place year-round,²¹ with a peak in the rainy months (March–July in Ecuador).²³ Both males and females attain sexual maturity when they reach ~3.1 cm in snout-vent length.⁶ Males mate with several females.³⁴ Females produce clutches of one^9,21 egg and lay it in communal nesting sites such as under bark, inside ant mounts, hollow sticks,³ rotten logs and lianas, palm debris, termite nests, in crevices, among dead leaves, rocks, and within thatched roofs.^1,4,6 Clutches can be laid at intervals of 13–56 days,⁸ and the incubation period is 94–110 days (~3–3.7 months).¹ Nests can be composed of up to 18 eggs and are presumably used year after year.^6,35 The eggs are usually found deposited along the eggs of other lizard species, such as Anolis trachyderma, Arthrosaura reticulata, and Thecadactylus solimoensis.⁶

Conservation: Least Concern Believed to be safe from extinction given current circumstances..^36,37 Gonatodes humeralis is listed in this category given its wide distribution, presence in major protected areas, lack of widespread threats, and ability to thrive in human-modified environments.³⁶ The species occurs over areas that retain the majority of their vegetation cover. In Brazil, 51% of the occurrence area of the species is inside protected areas, and about 85% of its distribution still holds continuous forest cover.³⁸ Furthermore, the species appears to be increasing in abundance in deforested areas, with population densities being negatively related to forest regeneration stage.²⁰ Some populations in Ecuador are believed to be the result of recent introduction by humans.⁶

Distribution: Gonatodes humeralis is the most widespread species of the genus in Amazonia.¹ It occurs throughout the Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador (Fig. 2), French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. It also occurs in Trinidad Island as well as marginally in the Caatinga biome in Brazil. Its entire range of distribution is estimated to be ~3,688,274 km².³⁸

Figure 2: Distribution of Gonatodes humeralis in Ecuador. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.

Etymology: The generic name Gonatodes, which comes from the Greek words gonatos (meaning “node”) and odes (meaning “resembling”),³⁹ probably refers to the form of the digits which are slender but in which the joints are prominent as swellings.⁴⁰ The specific epithet humeralis comes from the Latin humerus (=shoulder) and the suffix -alis (=pertaining to),³⁹ and refers to the bright vertical ante-humeral bar.

See it in the wild: Bridled Forest Geckos can be seen with almost complete certainty in areas having adequate tree density throughout their area of distribution in Ecuador. The species is particularly abundant in forest clearings in Yasuní National Park and Cuyabeno Reserve. Individuals are more easily located by scanning the base of trees during mornings cloudy or sunny mornings.

Acknowledgments: This account was published with the support of Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior Ciencia y Tecnología (programa INEDITA; project: Respuestas a la crisis de biodiversidad: la descripción de especies como herramienta de conservación; No 00110378), Programa de las Naciones Unidas (PNUD), and Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ).

Author: Alejandro Arteaga^aAffiliation: Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador.

Photographers: Jose Vieira^aAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.^,bAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador. and Sebastián Di Doménico^cAffiliation: Keeping Nature, Bogotá, Colombia.

How to cite? Arteaga A (2021) Bridled Forest Gecko (Gonatodes humeralis). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/AUHA6604

Literature cited:

1. Avila-Pires TCS (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299: 1–706.
2. Vanzolini PE (1968) Geography of the South American Gekkonidae. Arquivos de Zoologia 17: 85–112.
3. Duellman WE (2005) Cusco amazónico: the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 433 pp.
4. Vitt LJ, De la Torre S (1996) A research guide to the lizards of Cuyabeno. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 165 pp.
5. Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J, Tapia W, Guayasamin JM (2019) Reptiles of the Galápagos: life on the Enchanted Islands. Tropical Herping, Quito, 208 pp. DOI: 10.47051/AQJU7348
6. Vitt LJ, Zani PA, Monteiro de Barros AA (1997) Ecological variation among populations of the gekkonid lizard Gonatodes humeralis in the Amazon Basin. Copeia 1997: 32–43. DOI: 10.2307/1447837
7. Hoogmoed MS (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica 4: 1–419.
8. Meede U (1984) Herpetologische Studien über Echsen (Sauria) in einem begrenzten Gebiet des Tropischen Regenwaldes in Peru: morphologische Kriterien, Autökologie und Zoogeographie. Artenliste der Reptilien im Untersuchungsgebiet. PhD thesis, Universitat Hamburg, 189 pp.
9. Vitt LJ, Souza RA, Sartorius SS, Avila-Pires TCS, Espósito MC (2000) Comparative ecology of sympatric Gonatodes (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in the western Amazon of Brazil. Copeia 2000: 83–95. DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0083:CEOSGS]2.0.CO;2
10. Vitt LJ, Zani PA (1996) Organization of a taxonomically diverse lizard assemblage in Amazonian Ecuador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1313–1335.
11. Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book project.
12. Rodrigues MT (1980) Descrição de uma nova espécie de Gonatodes da Amazonia (Sauria, Gekkonidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 33: 309–314.
13. Roberto IJ, Pinto T, Schlickmann A, Fraga A (2014) From Amazonia to the semi-arid: the unexpected record of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) for the Caatinga Biome. Herpetology Notes 7: 309–311.
14. Carvalho de Oliveira FR, Cunha Passos D, Borges-Nojosa DM (2021) Ecology of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Sphaerodactylidae) in a coastal area of the Brazilian semiarid: what differs from the Amazonian populations? Journal of Arid Environments 190: 104506. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104506
15. Hoogmoed MS, Avila-Pires TCS (2015) Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron 1836) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), an introduced lizard new for Brazil, with remarks on and correction of its distribution in the New World. Zootaxa 4000: 90–110. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.1.4
16. Hoogmoed MS, Avila-Pires TCS (1991) Annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Petit Saut, Sinnamary River, French Guiana. Zoologische Mededelingen 65: 53–88.
17. De la Riva IJ (1993) Ecología de una comunidad neotropical de anfibios durante la estación lluviosa. PhD thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 383 pp.
18. Sturaro MJ, Avila-Pires TCS (2011) Taxonomic revision of the geckos of the Gonatodes concinnatus complex (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2869: 1–36. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2869.1.1
19. Nunes VS (1984) Ciclo de atividade e utilização do habitat por Gonatodes humeralis (Sauria, Gekkonidae) em Manaus, Amazonas. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 35: 147–152.
20. Oda WY (2008) Microhabitat utilization and population density of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) in forest areas in Manaus, Amazon, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 3: 165–177.
21. Dixon JR, Soini P (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.
22. MirandaI JP, Ricci-Lobão A, Rocha CF (2010) Influence of structural habitat use on the thermal ecology of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a transitional forest in Maranhão, Brazil. Zoologia 27: 35–39. DOI: 10.1590/S1984-46702010000100006
23. Miranda G, Andrade V (2003) Seasonality in diet, perch use, and reproduction of the gecko Gonatodes humeralis from eastern Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Herpetology 37: 433–438. DOI: 10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0433:SIDPUA]2.0.CO;2
24. Valencia JA, Garzón K (2011) Guía de anfibios y reptiles en ambientes cercanos a las estaciones del OCP. Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés, Quito, 268 pp.
25. Cooper WE (2005) Duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. Herpetologica 61: 363–372. DOI: 10.1655/04-36.1
26. Vanzolini PE (1972) Miscellaneous notes on the ecology of some Brazilian lizards (Sauria). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 26: 83–115.
27. Caldeira Costa H, de Avelar São-Pedro V, Santana DJ, Neves Feio R (2009) Gonatodes humeralis (NCN). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 40: 221.
28. Cunha OR, Nascimento FP (1978) Ofídios da Amazônia. X. As cobras da região leste do Pará. Papéis Avulsos Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 31: 1–218.
29. Vitt LJ, Magnusson WE, Avila-Pires TCS, Pimentel Lima A (2008) Guide to the lizards of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. Áttema Design Editorial, Manaus, 176 pp.
30. Martins M, Oliveira ME (1998) Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History 6: 78–150.
31. Okada Aguiar KM, Costa-Campos CE (2014) Gonatodes humeralis (Trinidad gecko). Predation. Herpetological Review 45: 498–499.
32. Silva Kupriyanov VM (2013) Análise de conteúdo estomacal de aves Furnariidae (Passeriformes). MSc thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, 66 pp.
33. Ascenso AC, De Oliveira LS, Filho FC (2017) Gonatodes humeralis (Trinidad Gecko) Endoparasitism. Herpetological Review 48: 644–645.
34. Murphy JC, Downie R, Smith JM, Livingstone S, Mohammed R, Lehtinen RM, Eyre M, Sewlal JN, Noriega N, Casper GS, Anton T, Rutherford MG, Braswell AL, Jowers MJ (2018) A field guide to the amphibians & reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago Naturalist’s Club, Port of Spain, 336 pp.
35. Oda WY (2004) Communal egg laying by Gonatodes humeralis (Sauria, Gekkonidae) in Manaus primary and secondary forest areas. Acta Amazonica 34: 331–332. DOI: 10.1590/S0044-59672004000200020
36. Calderón M, Perez P, Avila-Pires TCS, Aparicio J, Moravec J, Schargel W, Rivas G, Murphy J (2019) Gonatodes humeralis. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T44579283A44579292.en
37. Reyes-Puig C (2015) Un método integrativo para evaluar el estado de conservación de las especies y su aplicación a los reptiles del Ecuador. MSc thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, 73 pp.
38. Ribeiro-Júnior MA, Amaral S (2016) Diversity, distribution, and conservation of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) in the Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Biodiversity 2: 195–421. DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2016.1236769
39. Brown RW (1956) Composition of scientific words. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C., 882 pp.
40. Russell AP, Baskerville J, Gamble T, Higham TE (2015) The evolution of digit form in Gonatodes (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in Gekkotans. Journal of Morphology 276: 1311–1132. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20420

Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Gonatodes humeralis in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used.

Country	Province	Locality	Source
Colombia	Caquetá	Florencia	iNaturalist; photo examined
Colombia	Putumayo	Quilili	iNaturalist; photo examined
Colombia	Putumayo	Río Putumayo	ICN 3199; Calderón et al. 2023
Colombia	Putumayo	San Miguel	ICN 3174; Calderón et al. 2023
Colombia	Putumayo	Vereda Peneya	IAvH-R-9165; IAvH & ANH 2022
Ecuador	Morona Santiago	Puerto Morona, 13 km W of	Online multimedia
Ecuador	Morona Santiago	Río Cangaime	Carvajal-Campos 2018
Ecuador	Morona Santiago	Shuin Mamus	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Morona Santiago	Villa Ashuara	AMNH 113884; VertNet
Ecuador	Napo	20 Km E Puerto Napo	CAS 198623; VertNet
Ecuador	Napo	Archidona	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Napo	Cotococha Lodge	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Napo	Huaorani Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Napo	Yachana Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Orellana	Apaika	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Orellana	Bosque Aluvial	Almendariz et al. 2011
Ecuador	Orellana	Chiruisla	Online multimedia
Ecuador	Orellana	El Coca	Avila-Pires 1995
Ecuador	Orellana	El Edén	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Orellana	Guiyero	Albuja 2011
Ecuador	Orellana	Hacienda Primavera	MHNG 2590.072; collection database
Ecuador	Orellana	Huamayacu	Torres-Carvajal & Salazar-Valenzuela 2012
Ecuador	Orellana	Huiririma	Torres-Carvajal & Salazar-Valenzuela 2012
Ecuador	Orellana	Lago San Pedro	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Orellana	Napo Wildlife Center	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Orellana	Onkone Gare	Felipe Campos, pers. comm.
Ecuador	Orellana	Pompeya Sur–Iro	Photo by Morley Read
Ecuador	Orellana	Río Timatai	Photo by Morley Read
Ecuador	Orellana	Río Yasuní, near Lake Jatuncocha	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Orellana	San Francisco de Chicta	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Orellana	Tambococha	Torres-Carvajal & Salazar-Valenzuela 2012
Ecuador	Orellana	Tiputini Biodiversity Station	Cisneros-Heredia 2003
Ecuador	Orellana	Yarina Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Orellana	Yasuni Scientific Station	This work; Fig. 1
Ecuador	Pastaza	Bataburo Lodge	Ortega-Andrade 2010
Ecuador	Pastaza	Campo Villano	Photo by Carla Rodríguez
Ecuador	Pastaza	Chichirota	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Pastaza	Comunidad Killu Allpa	Freddy Velásquez, pers. comm.
Ecuador	Pastaza	Curaray Medio	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pastaza	Juyuintza	Ortega-Andrade 2010
Ecuador	Pastaza	Kapawi Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pastaza	Kurintza	Ortega-Andrade 2010
Ecuador	Pastaza	Lorocachi	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pastaza	Plataforma Cachiyacu	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Pastaza	Río Bobonaza	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Pastaza	Río Conambo	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Pastaza	Río Corrientes	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Pastaza	Río Pastaza	Ortega Andrade et al. 2010
Ecuador	Pastaza	Shiripuno Lodge	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Pastaza	Tigüino	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Bloque 15	Izquierdo et al. 2000
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Campo Platanillo	Envirotec 2015
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Complejo de humedales Cuyabeno	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Cuyabeno Lodge	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Dureno, 10 km N of	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Dureno, reserve nearby	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Estación Amazonas OCP	Valencia & Garzón 2011
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Estación PUCE en Cuyabeno	Vitt et al. 1997
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Garzacocha	Yánez-Muñóz & Venegas 2008
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	La Balsareña	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	La Selva Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Lagartococha	Usma et al. 2016
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Lago Agrio	KU 297991; VertNet
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Limoncocha	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Pañacocha	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Plataforma Espejo 1	Consultora Cinge 2012
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Puerto Bolívar	Photo by Martín Bustamante
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Redondococha	Yánez-Muñóz & Venegas 2008
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Rey de los Andes	Field notes of Pablo Menéndez
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Rio Sabalo campsite	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Sacha Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	San Pablo de Kantesiya	MHNG 2460.099; collection database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Sani Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Santa Cecilia	Da Silva et al 1995
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Shushufindi	Salguero 2012
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Tapir lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Tarapoa	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Territorio Cofán Dureno	Yánez-Muñoz & Chimbo 2007
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Zábalo	Cevallos Bustos 2010
Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Zancudococha	Ormaza & Bajaña
Peru	Amazonas	Aintami	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Caterpiza	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Chigkan Entse	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	La Poza	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Mouth of Río Santiago	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Puerto Galilea	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Río Lagartococha	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	San Antonio, Río Cenepa	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Shiringa	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Sua, Cenepa	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Amazonas	Yusa Patagkamu	Ribeiro-Júnior 2015
Peru	Loreto	Aguas Negras	Yánez-Muñóz & Venegas 2008
Peru	Loreto	Laguna Anatico	Photo by Mark O'Shea
Peru	Loreto	Zona Reservada Güeppí	Yánez-Muñóz & Vanegas 2008

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