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DOI10.47051/SQLT6400 Published June 1, 2022. Open access.

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Western Basilisk (Basiliscus galeritus)

Reptiles of Ecuador | Sauria | Corytophanidae | Basiliscus galeritus

English common names: Western Basilisk, Red-headed Basilisk.

Spanish common names: Lagartija Jesucristo, basilisco occidental, basilisco de cabeza roja, piande (Ecuador); chochora, chora, cocora, opoga, jesusito (Colombia); pasarroyos, lagartija pasaríos, cucurucho (Colombia, Panamá).

Recognition: ♂♂ 78.5 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=26.2 cm. ♀♀ 63.4 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=21.1 cm..^1,2 The Western Basilisk (Basiliscus galeritus) is a large-sized mainly brown or green lizard with transverse bands on the body and tail.^3,4 It is unmistakable among lizards in western Ecuador by having a semicircular crest on the back of the head, a series of raised and spaced scales along the vertebral line of the body and tail, and toes bearing dilated scaly flaps.^4–7 Basiliscus galeritus could be confused with other Ecuadorian lizards that have a crest, but these have the crest not on the head but behind it. Juveniles of B. galeritus lack a noticeable crest (Fig. 1); thus, they can be confused with lizards of the genus Anolis or juveniles of Enyalioides heterolepis, but neither of those species have fringes on the toes.^3,4 Adult males of the Western Basilisk are larger and have a more expanded cephalic crest than females.^4,8

Figure 1: Individuals of Basiliscus galeritus: Cerro de Hayas, Guayas province, Ecuador (); Kapari Lodge, Pichincha province, Ecuador (); Morromico Lodge, Chocó department, Colombia (). j=juvenile.

Natural history: Basiliscus galeritus is a common diurnal lizard of terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and arboreal habits.^9,10 This species occurs primarily along bodies of water (rivers,^11,12 streams,^9,13 lagoons,⁹ swamps, and marshes¹⁴) in lowland and lower-montane rainforests having none to high levels of human intervention.^13–16 It also inhabits seasonally dry forests in some inter-Andean valleys,^12,17 as well as pastures with scattered trees,^2,18 crops (of banana, coffee, and cacao),^17–20 and rural gardens.² During the day, between 10:30 am and 5:30 pm when the ambient temperature is 20.1–29.4°C,^21,22 Western Basilisks are active on shrubs, branches, and tree trunks at heights up to 16 m above the ground.^1,6,13 They also use large rocks,¹³ stony or sandy beach substrate,²³ fallen trunks, roots,² floating vegetation,²⁴ rooftops, and even swimming pools.² Adults use the crest to help regulate their body temperature.²¹ At night, they sleep primarily on branches (46.15% of the time in a sampled locality) and leaves (38.46%) up to 8 m directly above the water, but also on vines, lianas, rocks, and boulders,^1,6,12

Basiliscus galeritus is an omnivorous visually oriented predator.^6,25 Its diet includes insects (katydids²), crabs, lizards (Anolis gorgonae²⁶), frogs of the genus Pristimantis,²⁷ fish, seeds, fruits, and leaves.^10,11 When disturbed, Basilisks tend to escape quickly by lifting their body and running on their hind legs,^4,6 not only on the ground but also across the water surface (hence the name “Jesus Christ lizard”), a remarkable feat made possible by the presence of specialized scaly toe fringes that increase the surface area of the foot pads.^3,28 Another anti-predatory strategy of Western Basilisks is to roost on flimsy perches that allow them to detect the approach of a predator by sensing the movement of the perch.¹ Juveniles sleep closer to the water since they prefer to escape by running across the water surface whereas large adults tend to run into the forest, climb to a higher perch,¹ or plunge into the water and dive to the bottom, remaining submerged for 9–10 minutes.^6,29 This strategy is so useful to the lizards that they exhibit fidelity to their roosting site.¹³ If captured, individuals are capable of delivering strong bites; they are also capable of shedding the tail.² There are records of caimans (Caiman fuscus²⁴), snakes (Imantodes cenchoa²), and otters (Lontra longicaudis³⁰) preying upon individuals of B. galeritus.

Basiliscus galeritus is an oviparous species. Females lay clutches of 3–15 soft shelled eggs^10,31 in nests excavated in soft soil or sand along beaches of rivers and streams.^12,13,31 The eggs measure approximately 1.3 x 2.3 cm¹² and hatch after an incubation period of about four months.⁶ These eggs are highly prized as a delicacy by local inhabitants.⁶

Conservation: Least Concern Believed to be safe from extinction given current circumstances..^32,33 Basiliscus galeritus is included in this category because the species is widely distributed, especially over areas that retain the majority of their original forest cover, including the entire Colombian Pacific Coast as well as major national parks in Ecuador: Awá Ethnic and Forest Reserve, Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve, and Cayapas Mataje Ecological Reserve. As a result, the species is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category.³² Basiliscus galeritus can tolerate high levels of habitat disturbance, even complete deforestation, as long as there are adequate water sources.³² It has also apparently been favored by the creation of dams and other artificial water bodies.⁶ Unfortunately, the destruction of forests, poaching for the pet trade, and the consumption of the eggs⁶ and adults³⁴ by local people could pose a threat to the long-term survival of some populations.

Distribution: Basiliscus galeritus is widely distributed throughout the lowlands and adjacent mountain foothills of the Chocó biogeographic region, from eastern Panamá, through Colombia, to northwestern Ecuador. The species also occurs throughout the valley regions of the rivers Cauca and Magdalena in Colombia. In Ecuador, B. galeritus has been recorded at elevations between 0 and 2135 m (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Distribution of Basiliscus galeritus in Ecuador. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.

Etymology: The generic name Basiliscus, which comes from the Greek word basiliskos (meaning “king”),³⁵ probably refers to these lizard’s peculiar head crest. According to Greek mythology, the basilisk was a creature having the body of a snake and a large crest. The specific epithet galeritus, which comes from the Latin words galerum (meaning “helmet”) and the suffix -itus (meaning “having the nature of”),³⁵ probably also refers to the head crest.⁶

See it in the wild: Western Basilisks can be observed with almost complete certainty along gallery forests throughout the species’ area of distribution in Ecuador. This reptile is particularly common in Canandé Reserve, Milpe Bird Sanctuary, and along the Río Mindo. Western Basilisk may be observed basking on branches and tree-trunks overhanging rivers during a sunny morning, but they are much more easy to approach at night, as they will be asleep on branches or on rocks along water bodies.

Acknowledgments: Special thanks to Lina Parra for helping compile information used in this account.

Author: Jose Vieira^aAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.^,bAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.

Editor: Alejandro Arteaga^cAffiliation: Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador.

Photographer: Jose Vieira^aAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.^,bAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.

How to cite? Vieira J (2022) Western Basilisk (Basiliscus galeritus). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/SQLT6400

Literature cited:

1. Hernández-Córdoba ÓD, Agudelo-Valderrama OL, Ospina-Fajardo JP (2012) Variación intraespecifica en el uso de percha nocturna de Basiliscus galeritus (Sauria: Corytophanidae) en Isla Palma, Pacífico Colombiano. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 52: 401–409. DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492012021300001
2. Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book project.
3. Maturana HR (1962) A study of the species of the genus Basiliscus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 128: 1–34.
4. Dunn ER (1944) Los géneros de anfibios y reptiles de Colombia, II. Reptiles, orden de los saurios. Caldasia 3: 73–110.
5. Duméril AMC, Bibron G, Duméril AHA (1854) Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 780 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45973
6. Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Guayasamin JM (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Mindo. Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, 257 pp.
7. Herrera FC (1978) Saurios en la zona de estudios biológicos de Providencia, Anorí, Antioquia. Actualidades Biológicas 7: 37–41.
8. Taylor GW, Santos JC, Perrault BJ, Morando M, Vásquez Almazán CR, Sites Jr JW (2017) Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque‐headed lizards. Ecology and Evolution 7: 8989–8998. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3356
9. Vargas-Salinas F, Aponte-Gutiérrez A (2016) Diversidad y recambio de especies de anfibios y reptiles entre coberturas vegetales en una localidad del valle del Magdalena medio, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 17: 117–137. DOI: 10.21068/c2016.v17n02a09
10. Castro-Herrera F, Valencia-Aguilar A, Villaquirán-Martínez DF (2012) Diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona. Universidad del Valle, Cali, 112 pp.
11. MECN (2010) Serie herpetofauna del Ecuador: El Chocó esmeraldeño. Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, 232 pp.
12. Almendáriz A, Brito J (2012) Ampliación del rango distribucional de Drymarchon melanurus (Colubridae) y Basiliscus galeritus (Iguanidae-Corytophaninae), hacia los bosques secos interandinos del norte del ecuador. Revista Politécnica 30: 179–183.
13. Vargas F, Bolaños ME (1999) Anfibios y reptiles presentes en hábitats perturbados de selva lluviosa tropical en el bajo Anchicayá, Pacífico colombiano. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23: 499–511.
14. Carvajal-Cogollo JE, Castaño-Mora OV, Cárdenas-Arévalo G, Urbina-Cardona JN (2007) Reptiles de áreas asociadas a humedales de la planicie del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Caldasia 29: 427–438.
15. Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D (2019) Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich online portal, with dynamic checklists and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13: 209–229.
16. Ríos EE, Hurtado CF, Rengifo JT, Castro-Herrera F (2011) Lagartos en comunidades naturales de dos localidades en la región del Chocó de Colombia. Herpetotropicos 5: 85–92.
17. Moreno-Arias R, Quintero-Corzo S (2015) Reptiles del valle seco del Río Magdalena (Huila, Colombia). Caldasia 37: 183–195.
18. Carvajal-Cogollo JE, Urbina-Cardona JN (2008) Patrones de diversidad y composición de reptiles en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en Córdoba, Colombia. Tropical Conservation Science 1: 397–416. DOI: 10.1177/194008290800100407
19. Cuadrado Saldarriaga SS (2020) Estructura de la comunidad de herpetofauna diurna en agroecosistemas del Chocó ecuatoriano. BSc thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil, 56 pp.
20. Field notes of William Duellman.
21. Rodriguez-Miranda LA, Lozano-Aguilar LE, Altamirano-Benavides M, Méndez De la Cruz FR (2021) Thermal ecophysiology of Basiliscus galeritus (Squamata: Corytophanidae) in two populations at different altitudes: does the crest participate actively in thermoregulation? Journal of Thermal Biology 99: 102980. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102980
22. Urbina JN, Londoño MC (2003) Distribución de la comunidad de herpetofauna asociada a cuatro áreas con diferente grado de perturbación en la Isla Gorgona, Pacifico colombiano. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 102: 105–113.
23. Yánez-Muñoz MH, Altamirano M, Oyataga L (2009) Diversidad de la herpetofauna de Tobar Donoso, prov. Carchi, Ecuador. Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, 34 pp.
24. Castro-Herrera F, Valencia-Aguilar A, Villaquiran D (2013) Evaluación de la población de babillas en los humedales del sur-occidente de la Isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano. Herpetotropicos 9: 19–23.
25. Schwab IR, Maggs DJ (2007) An eye for the land. British Journal of Ophthalmology 91: 855–855.
26. Online multimedia.
27. Barrio-Amorós CL (2015) The amphibians and reptiles of Mindo: life in the cloud forest: book review. Herpetological Review 46: 111–113.
28. Glasheen JW, McMahon TA (1996) A hydrodynamic model of locomotion in the Basilisk Lizard. Nature. Nature 380: 340–342. DOI: 10.1038/380340a0
29. Zuluaga Isaza JC, Escobar Lasso S, Londoño Quiceno C (2022) When running on water isn’t enough, you can dive: field observation of diving behaviour as antipredator strategy of the Western Basilisk Basiliscus galeritus Duméril 1851. Reptiles & Amphibians 29: 52–54. DOI: 10.17161/randa.v29i1.16245
30. Arcila Saldarriaga DA (2003) Distribución, uso de microhábitats y dieta de la nutria neotropical Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) en el cañón del Río Alicante, Antioquia, Colombia. BSc thesis, Medellín, Universidad de Antioquia, 143 pp.
31. Alison Van Keuren, pers. comm.
32. Ibáñez R, Jaramillo C, Arredondo JC, Cisneros-Heredia DF (2019) Basiliscus galeritus. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T203045A151731207.en
33. Reyes-Puig C (2015) Un método integrativo para evaluar el estado de conservación de las especies y su aplicación a los reptiles del Ecuador. MSc thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, 73 pp.
34. Cuesta Ríos EY, Rentería Moreno LE (2012) Importancia etnozoológica de herpetos en bosques de la selva pluvial central del Chocó. Revista Bioetnia 9: 196–202. DOI: 10.51641/bioetnia.v9i2.89
35. Brown RW (1956) Composition of scientific words. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C., 882 pp.

Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Basiliscus galeritus in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used.

Country	Province	Locality	Source
Colombia	Cauca	El Estrecho	ICN 4582
Colombia	Cauca	Isla Gorgona	iNaturalist
Colombia	Cauca	Río Guapi	iNaturalist
Colombia	Cauca	San Francisco	IIAP_CCCauca_2018
Colombia	Nariño	Bosque del Acueducto	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Colombia	Nariño	CORPOICA	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Colombia	Nariño	Cuespa	Castaño et al. 2004
Colombia	Nariño	El Mira	Castaño et al. 2004
Colombia	Nariño	El Palmichal	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Colombia	Nariño	Estación Mar Agrícola	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Colombia	Nariño	Isla del Gallo	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Colombia	Nariño	Reserva Natural El Pangán	Online multimedia
Colombia	Nariño	Río Guaguí	Online multimedia
Colombia	Nariño	Tangareal del Mira	ICN 4614
Colombia	Nariño	Tumaco	iNaturalist
Colombia	Nariño	Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Nariño	Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020
Ecuador	Azuay	Flor y Selva	This work
Ecuador	Bolívar	Balzapamba	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Caluma	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Chazo Juan	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	El Cristal	DHMECN 12074
Ecuador	Bolívar	Mayaguan	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Río Verde	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	San Luis de Pambil	MHNG 2460.065
Ecuador	Bolívar	Santa Rosa de Agua Clara	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Telimbela	This work
Ecuador	Cañar	El Chorro	This work
Ecuador	Cañar	Hidroeléctrica Ocaña	Juan Carlos Sánchez, pers. comm.
Ecuador	Cañar	La Troncal	Photo by Verónica Urgilés
Ecuador	Cañar	Manta Real	Almendariz & Carr 2007
Ecuador	Cañar	Ventura	Maturana 1962
Ecuador	Carchi	Chical	This work
Ecuador	Carchi	Chical, 5 km SE of	This work
Ecuador	Carchi	Chinambí	Photo by Andreas Kay
Ecuador	Carchi	La Concepción	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Carchi	Maldonado	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Carchi	Maldonado	KU 179412
Ecuador	Carchi	Peñas Blancas	This work
Ecuador	Carchi	Quebrada El Rosal	Torres-Carvajal et al. 2019
Ecuador	Carchi	Quinshul	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Carchi	Reserva Drácula	DHMECN 14547
Ecuador	Carchi	Río Pailón	DHMECN 14216
Ecuador	Carchi	Río San Juán	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Carchi	Sendero Awa	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Carchi	Tobar Donoso	Samec & Samec 1988
Ecuador	Chimborazo	Bucay	Maturana 1962
Ecuador	Chimborazo	Naranjapata	CAS 94759
Ecuador	Chimborazo	San Pablo	Almendáriz & Orcés 2004
Ecuador	Chimborazo	Valle del Chanchán	Maturana 1962
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Pilaló, 20 km W of	KU 141142
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	San Francisco de Las Pampas	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Sigchos–Pucayacu road	USNM 200724
Ecuador	El Oro	Cascadas de Manuel	Garzón-Santomaro et al. 2019
Ecuador	El Oro	Reserva Biológica Buenaventura	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Bosque Protector La Chiquita	MHNG 2439.097
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Bosque Protector La Perla	Photo by Paul Hamilton
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Cabeceras de Bilsa	Almendariz & Carr 2007
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Calle Mansa	Morales 2002
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Canandé Biological Reserve	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Carondelet	Morales 2002
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Cerro Zapallo	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Durango	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	El Aguacate	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	El Placer	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Esmeraldas	Maturana 1962
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Esmeraldas, 6 mi E of	MCZ 83069
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Estero Ancho	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Estero Inés	Vázquez et al. 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Estero Las Tinajas	Field notes of Néstor Acosta
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Gualpi	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Hacienda Cucaracha	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Itapoa Reserve	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Jevon Forest	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	La Concordia	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	La Lagartera, near mouth of Caoni	UIMNH 54333
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Lote Escobar	Yanez-Muñoz 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Lote Quijano	Yanez-Muñoz 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Lote Rosero	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Lote Salvadores	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Lote Ventanas	Yánez-Muñoz 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Mayronga, Lagarto	Yánez-Muñoz 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Partidero-Poza Honda	Vázquez et al. 2005
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Pichiyacu	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Playón de San Francisco	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Reserva FCAT	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Río Achiote	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Río Onzole	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Río San Francisco	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Río Santiago	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	San Javier de Cachabí	USNM 200703
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	San José	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	San Lorenzo	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	San Lorenzo–Lita	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	San Miguel	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Tabuche	Torres-Carvajal et al. 2019
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Telembí	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Tigua	Photo by Rebecca Tarvin
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Tobar Donoso, 4 km SW of	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Tundaloma Lodge	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Verdecanandé	This work
Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Zapallo Grande	MSUM 1409
Ecuador	Guayas	Cerro de Hayas	This work
Ecuador	Guayas	Comuna San Miguel	Photo by Luis Oyagata
Ecuador	Guayas	Naranjito	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Guayas	Puente Río Chimbo	Boulenger 1898
Ecuador	Imbabura	Apuela, environs of	USNM 200706
Ecuador	Imbabura	Golondrinas	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Imbabura	La Peña	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Imbabura	Lita	USNM 200708
Ecuador	Imbabura	Lita, 2 km SE of	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Imbabura	Lita, 6 km E of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Imbabura	Paramba	Boulenger 1898
Ecuador	Imbabura	Río Palacara	Almendariz & Brito 2011
Ecuador	Imbabura	Río San Pedro	USNM 200707
Ecuador	Imbabura	Santa Rosa de Pacto	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Imbabura	Vía Otavalo–Selva Alegre	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Los Ríos	Centro Científico Río Palenque	Miyata 1976
Ecuador	Los Ríos	Puerto de Ilá	USNM 200722
Ecuador	Manabí	Hacienda Siberia	Hamilton et al. 2005
Ecuador	Manabí	La Crespa	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Manabí	Quinta Magdalena	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Manabí	Río Coaque	MVZ 226111
Ecuador	Pichincha	Alluriquín	Rodriguez-Miranda et al. 2021
Ecuador	Pichincha	Arashá Resort	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Balneario Nambillo	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Bosque Protector Cambugán	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Cascadas El Naranjal	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Cueva de los Tayos	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	El Chalpi-Saguangal	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	El Cinto	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	Finca Castillo	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Ganaderos Orenses	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Hacienda La Hesperia	Brouwer 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Hidroelectrica Manduriacu	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Kapari Lodge	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	La Palma	KU 179414
Ecuador	Pichincha	Maquipucuna Reserve	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mashpi Lodge	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mashpi town, 1.7 km S of	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Miler	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Milpe Bird Sactuary	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo	Rodriguez-Miranda et al. 2021
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo Garden	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo Lago	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo, 1.5 km N of	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Nanegal	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Near Pacto	USNM 200726
Ecuador	Pichincha	Pedro Vicente Maldonado, 10 km W of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Playa Rica	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Puerto Quito	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Rancho San Jorge	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Las Tangaras	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Alambi	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Blanco	USNM 200727
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Mashpi	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Silanche	USNM 200720
Ecuador	Pichincha	Rio Silanche Bird Sactuary	This work
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Toachi	USMN 200714
Ecuador	Pichincha	Saragoza–Río Cinto	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Tamboquinde	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Tandapi	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Tandapi, 5.8 km W of	KU 152153
Ecuador	Pichincha	Tulipe	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Vía La Sexta	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Yaku Forest	iNaturalist
Ecuador	Pichincha	Yellow House Lodge	This work
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Centro de Interpretación Otongachi	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	El Esfuerzo	Online multimedia
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	La Concordia, 6 km W of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Río Baba, 19 km S of Santo Domingo	UIMNH 91525
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Río Faisanes	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 3 km NE of	USNM 285821
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 9 km N of	KU 299765
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Tinalandia Lodge	This work
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Villa Aidita	iNaturalist

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