Published July 16, 2018. Updated December 6, 2023. Open access. | Purchase book ❯ |
Blue-spotted Dwarf-Iguana (Enyalioides praestabilis)
Reptiles of Ecuador | Sauria | Hoplocercidae | Enyalioides praestabilis
English common names: Blue-spotted Dwarf-Iguana, Canelos Woodlizard.
Spanish common names: Iguana enana amazónica, lagartija de palo de Canelos.
Recognition: ♂♂ 33.7 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=12.8 cm. ♀♀ 30.8 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=11.7 cm..1 Enyalioides praestabilis differs from other medium-sized spiny lizards in the Amazon foothills of the Andes by its granular dorsal scales, strongly projected spiny vertebral crest, skull roof (casque head flattened at the top), and unique coloration.1,2 The dorsum is bright lime green (brownish in females) with scattered black and blue spots (Fig. 1).1,2 The species further differs from all other Enyalioides with which it co-occurs by having caudals increasing in size posteriorly on each autotomic segment and no projecting scales on dorsum and limbs.1,2 Enyalioides praestabilis is often confused with E. rubrigularis, but the latter is restricted to the Cordillera del Cóndor in southeastern Ecuador.
Figure 1: Individuals of Enyalioides praestabilis from Ecuador: Narupa Reserve, Napo province (); Tzarentza, Pastaza province (). j=juvenile.
Natural history: Enyalioides praestabilis is a diurnal and terrestrial to semi-arboreal lizard that inhabits pristine to moderately disturbed montane rainforests and cloud forests, particularly along streams and rivers.1,3 Blue-spotted Dwarf-Iguanas are active during the daytime on shaded areas of the forest floor, staying immobile for prolonged periods of time on leaf-litter or on logs. At night, they roost on stems, branches, and tree trunks 0.2–4.5 m above the ground.1,3,4 They tend to sleep beside their den, to which they retreat upon the slightest disturbance.1,3 The den is usually a hole in the ground, but can also be a hollow log or a tunnel or crevice in a mud wall.3 Their preferred predator avoidance strategy is staying still and blending against the leaf-litter or running into cover.3 Gravid females containing five eggs have been found in Ecuador,1 but the real clutch size is not known.
Conservation: Least Concern Believed to be safe from extinction given current circumstances..5 Enyalioides praestabilis is listed in this category because the species is widely distributed, present in protected areas, has presumably large and stable populations, and occurs in areas having continuous unspoiled forest.6 The majority of the species’ forest habitat in Ecuador (~77%) is still standing.6 The most important threat to the long-term survival of the species is habitat destruction mostly due to mining and the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
Distribution: Enyalioides praestabilis is native to the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador (Fig. 2) and Colombia.
Figure 2: Distribution of Enyalioides praestabilis in Ecuador. The star corresponds to the type locality: Canelos, Pastaza province. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.
Etymology: The generic name Enyalioides, which comes from the Latin words Enyalius (a genus of neotropical lizards) and the suffix oides (=similar to), refers to the similarity between lizards of the two genera. The specific epithet praestabilis comes from the Latin words prae (=very) and stabilis (=firm),7 and refers to the spiny vertebral crest.
See it in the wild: Blue-spotted Dwarf-Iguanas are usually found in closed-canopy situations rather than in open or semi-open areas. These cryptic reptiles are easier to locate by sampling well-preserved forest trails at night with the aid of a flashlight. In this way, roosting individuals may be detected at a rate of 1–6 per night, particularly at Narupa Reserve and Wild Sumaco Wildlife Sanctuary.
Authors: Alejandro ArteagaaAffiliation: Fundación Khamai, Reserva Arlequín, Ecoruta Paseo del Quinde km 56, Santa Rosa de Mindo, Pichincha 171202, Ecuador. and Gabriela AguiarbIndependent researcher, Quito, Ecuador.
Photographer: Jose VieiracAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.,dAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.
How to cite? Arteaga A, Aguiar G (2023) Blue-spotted Dwarf-Iguana (Enyalioides praestabilis). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/KUIL6979
Literature cited:
- Torres-Carvajal O, Etheridge R, de Queiroz K (2011) A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania). Zootaxa 2752: 1–44. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2752.1.1
- Torres-Carvajal O, de Queiroz K, Etheridge R (2009) A new species of iguanid lizard (Hoplocercinae, Enyalioides) from southern Ecuador with a key to eastern Ecuadorian Enyalioides. ZooKeys 27: 59–71. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.27.273
- Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book.
- Camper JD, Torres-Carvajal O, Ron SR, Nilsson J, Arteaga A, Knowles TW, Arbogast BS (2021) Amphibians and reptiles of Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary, Napo Province, Ecuador. Check List 17: 729–751.
- Cisneros-Heredia DF, Gagliardi G, Moravec J, Aparicio J, Perez J (2016) Enyalioides praestabilis. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T44578980A44578997.en
- MAE (2012) Línea base de deforestación del Ecuador continental. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Quito, 30 pp.
- Brown RW (1956) Composition of scientific words. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C., 882 pp.
Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Enyalioides praestabilis in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used. Asterisk (*) indicates type locality.
| Country | Province | Locality | Source |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Florencia, 4.5 km NW of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Reserva La Isla Escondida | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Santuario Orito Ingi-Ande | Quintero 2020 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Vereda San Martín | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | 9 de Octubre | Tipantiza-Tuguminago et al. 2021 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Bosque Protector Abanico | Lozano & Medranda 2008 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Chiguaza | Brito & Almendariz 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Fauna de la Amazonía | Photo by Andreas Kay |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Guardianía Sangay Bajo | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Laguna el Enmascarado | Photo by Darwin Núñez |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Macuma alto | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Mera, 4 km S of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Miazal | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Puchimi | Pazmiño Otamendi 2018 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Río Llushin | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Yaupi, 21 km NW of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Cascada de San Rafael | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Cordillera del Dué | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Cotundo | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | El Chaco | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Guamaní | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Narupa Reserve | This work; Fig. 1 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Pacto Sumaco | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Reserva Colonso-Chalupas | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Reserva Privada Ankaku | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Río Azuela | Lewis 2002 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Río Hollín | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Río Piatúa | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Tutacando | Pazmiño Otamendi 2018 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Wild Sumaco Wildlife Sanctuary | Camper et al. 2021 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Ávila alto | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Reserva Río Bigal | García et al. 2021 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Río Suno | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | San José de Sumaco | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Canelos, environs of* | O’Shaughnessy 1881 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Centro Fátima | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Finca de Peter Archer | Photo by Yatin Kalki |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Mangayacu | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Palmira | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Pindo | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Pindo Mirador | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Puyo | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Puyo, 5 km SSW of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Anzu | Photo by Lou Jost |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Santana | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Shell–Mera | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Tzarentza | This work; Fig. 1 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Campamento Río Verde | Campos et al. 2001 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Embalse Compensador | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Slopes of Reventador | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Tungurahua | La Candelaria | MECN, JOCOTOCO, ECOMINGA 2013 |
| Ecuador | Tungurahua | Río Zuñac | MECN, JOCOTOCO, ECOMINGA 2013 |