Modest Ground Snake (Atractus modestus)

Reptiles of Ecuador | Serpentes | Colubridae | Atractus modestus

English common name: Modest Ground Snake.

Spanish common names: Tierrera modesta, culebra tierrera modesta.

Recognition: ♂♂ 38 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=32 cm. ♀♀ 37.9 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=32.8 cm..^1,2 Atractus modestus differs from other snakes in its area of distribution by having a round head similar in width to the neck, small eyes, dorsal scales arranged in 17 rows at mid-body, no preocular scale, short loreal scale, and a uniform blackish to purplish brown dorsum (Fig. 1).^1–3 The belly is bright yellow in adults and pale yellowish white in juveniles. Atractus modestus resembles A. paucidens, a species that can be recognized by its red blotches on the anterior third of the dorsum, blackish ventral surfaces, and a long loreal scale.⁴ Males of A. modestus differ from females by having less ventral scales (146–173 vs 174–186), more subcaudal scales (34–45 vs 26–31), and a proportionally longer tail.^1,5 Juveniles have a contrasting yellow neck band.³

Figure showing variation among adult individuals of Atractus modestus

Figure 1: Individuals of Atractus modestus from Séptimo Paraíso Lodge, Pichincha province, Ecuador.

Natural history: Atractus modestus is a semi-fossorial snake that inhabits old-growth to moderately disturbed evergreen montane and foothill forest, crops, pastures with scattered trees, and rural gardens near the forest border.⁶ Modest Ground Snakes are usually seen moving on the forest floor or crossing dirt roads and trails during warm and cloudy nights, or rarely during the daytime.⁶ When not active, individuals are usually found hidden under logs.⁶ There is an unpublished photographic record of an individual of A. modestus preying upon an earthworm in Mindo.⁷ Modest Ground Snakes rely mostly on their cryptic coloration as a primary line of defense. If handled, individuals usually just try to flee, but they can also produce a musky and distasteful odor when grabbed.⁶

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Conservation: Vulnerable Considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the mid-term future..⁸ Atractus modestus is listed in this category because the species’ extent of occurrence is smaller than 20,000 km² and its habitat is declining in extent and quality due to deforestation.⁸ Based on maps of Ecuador’s vegetation cover published in 2012,⁹ approximately 42% of the species’ potential distribution area has already been converted to human settlements and agricultural fields. The remaining populations are also severely fragmented and few localities are in privately-protected areas.

Distribution: Atractus modestus is endemic to an area of approximately 9,768 km² along the western foothills of the Andes in Ecuador (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Distribution of Atractus modestus in Ecuador. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.

Etymology: The name Atractus, which is a latinization of the Greek word άτρακτος (=spindle),^10–12 probably refers to the fact that snakes of this genus have a uniform width throughout the body and a narrow tail, resembling an antique spindle used to spin fibers. The specific epithet modestus is a Latin word meaning “modest.” It probably refers to the uniform plumbeous dorsal coloration of this snake.²

See it in the wild: Throughout most of their distribution, Modest Ground Snakes are unlikely to be seen more than once every few months. However, in the town Mindo, individuals may be found almost every week. It is easier to find these snakes right after sunset during a warm night in private reserves maintained by lodges such as Yellow House Lodge, Séptimo Paraíso Lodge, and El Monte Lodge. The snakes may be located by scanning the forest floor and leaf-litter along trails at night or by looking under rocks and logs in pastures near forest borders.

Acknowledgments: This account was published with the support of Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior Ciencia y Tecnología (programa INEDITA; project: Respuestas a la crisis de biodiversidad: la descripción de especies como herramienta de conservación; No 00110378), Programa de las Naciones Unidas (PNUD), and Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ).

Author: Alejandro Arteaga^aAffiliation: Fundación Khamai, Reserva Arlequín, Ecoruta Paseo del Quinde km 56, Santa Rosa de Mindo, Pichincha 171202, Ecuador.

Photographer: Jose Vieira^aAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.^,^bAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.

How to cite? Arteaga A (2024) Modest Ground Snake (Atractus modestus). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/QPYL8113

Literature cited:

Passos P, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Salazar-Valenzuela D (2007) Rediscovery and redescription of the rare Andean snake Atractus modestus. The Herpetological Journal 17: 1–6.
Boulenger GA (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum of Natural History, London, 382 pp.
Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Guayasamin JM (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Mindo. Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, 257 pp.
Passos P, Mueses-Cisneros JJ, Lynch JD, Fernandes R (2009) Pacific lowland snakes of the genus Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), with description of three new species. Zootaxa 2293: 1–34. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191476
Arteaga A, Mebert K, Valencia JH, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Peñafiel N, Reyes-Puig C, Vieira-Fernandes JL, Guayasamin JM (2017) Molecular phylogeny of Atractus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa. ZooKeys 661: 91–123. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.661.11224
Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book project.
Photo by Anton Sorokin.
Cisneros-Heredia DF (2016) Atractus modestus. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176356A50866722.en
MAE (2012) Línea base de deforestación del Ecuador continental. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Quito, 30 pp.
Woodward SP, Tate R (1830) A manual of the Mollusca: being a treatise on recent and fossil shells. C. Lockwood and Company, London, 750 pp.
Beekes R (2010) Etymological dictionary of Greek. Brill, Boston, 1808 pp.
Duponchel P, Chevrolat L (1849) Atractus. In: d’Orbigny CD (Ed) Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle. MM. Renard, Martinet et Cie., Paris, 312.

Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Atractus modestus in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used. Asterisk (*) indicates type locality.

Country	Province	Locality	Source
Ecuador	Azuay	Molleturo, 25 km W of	Passos et al. 2007
Ecuador	Carchi	Chical	Arteaga et al. 2017
Ecuador	Chimborazo	Pallatanga	Boulenger 1894
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Las Damas	Torres-Carvajal et al. 2019
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Pilaló	Passos et al. 2007
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Río Pangua	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	San Francisco de Las Pampas	Arteaga et al. 2017
Ecuador	El Oro	Piñas	Arteaga et al. 2017
Ecuador	Imbabura	Manduriacu Reserve	Photo by Ross Maynard
Ecuador	Pichincha	Chiriboga	Almendáriz & Orcés 2004
Ecuador	Pichincha	El Monte Lodge	Photo by Ryan Lynch
Ecuador	Pichincha	Finca Elenita	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Gualea	Arteaga et al. 2017
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mashpi Reserve	Photo by César Barrio
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo, town	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mirador de Tulipe	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Maquipucuna	Arteaga et al. 2017
Ecuador	Pichincha	Santa Lucía Cloud Forest Reserve	Photo by Simon Maddock
Ecuador	Pichincha	Séptimo Paraíso Lodge	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Terreno de Eric Osterman en Mindo	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Yellow House Lodge	Arteaga et al. 2013