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DOI10.47051/ETTQ6638 Published April 29, 2023. Updated December 22, 2023. Open access.

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Equatorial Anole (Anolis aequatorialis)

Reptiles of Ecuador | Sauria | Anolidae | Anolis aequatorialis

English common name: Equatorial Anole.

Spanish common name: Anolis ecuatoriano.

Recognition: ♂♂ 33.7 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=8.6 cm. ♀♀ 33.0 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=8.3 cm..^1,2 Anoles are easily distinguishable from other lizards by their diurnal habits, extensible dewlap in males, expanded digital pads, and granular scales on the dorsum and belly.³ The Equatorial Anole (Anolis aequatorialis) can be identified from other co-occurring anoles based on its large size, mossy dorsal coloration, and its large, spectacularly colored marbled dewlap (Fig. 1), which is smaller in females.^4,5 Anolis aequatorialis is most similar to Anolis dracula, but this species occurs in extreme northwestern Ecuador.⁵ Anolis ventrimaculatus can be confused with A. aequatorialis, but it can be recognized by its mottled belly and dewlap lacking black reticulations.⁶

Figure 1: Individuals of Anolis aequatorialis from Ecuador: Otonga Reserve, Cotopaxi province (); Cascada de Angas, Bolívar province (); and Santa Lucía Reserve, Pichincha province (). j=juvenile.

Natural history: Anolis aequatorialis is an extremely common,⁷ almost ubiquitous, anole in old-growth to moderately disturbed evergreen montane forests and cloud forests.⁴ The species also occurs marginally in semi-open habitats such as in forest clearings and along roads.¹ During the day, when the ambient temperature is 18.5–22°C,^8,9 these understory anoles are active on mossy vegetation 40–350 cm above the ground,^4,7 although they also crawl at ground level on occasion.⁴ At night, they prefer to sleep on broad leaves, but also on ferns and branches that will move if disturbed by a predator.^4,7 Equatorial anoles inhabit moist, shaded, moss-covered microhabitats that are too cold for most other anole species.¹ Their activity begins at around 6:00 am, even during chilly mornings.¹ Individuals actively seek broad leaves where they can bask on filtered sunlight.¹ Equatorial Anoles are ambush predators and their diet is insectivorous: lacewings,¹⁰ flies,¹¹ and wasps¹² have been recorded as prey items.⁴ However, they may also voluntarily consume flowers and other plant matter.⁴ These perfectly camouflaged reptiles change their dorsal coloration when disturbed, going from bright green to yellowish brown.¹ They will also sometimes bite when handled. There are at least two unpublished photographic records of Andean cock-of-the-rocks (Rupicola peruvianus) preying upon individuals of A. aequatorialis.^13,14 Equatorial Anoles are oviparous. One adult female in Ecuador laid a clutch of one egg that turned into a fully developed embryo after 83 days.¹⁵ Males defend territories and court females using visual signals such as head bobs and dewlap display.¹

Conservation: Least Concern Believed to be safe from extinction given current circumstances..¹⁵ Anolis aequatorialis is listed in this category given its presence in protected areas, lack of major widespread threats, and distribution over an area that retains the majority (~59%; Fig. 2) of its original forest cover.¹⁵ This species is one of the most abundant anoles wherever it occurs and does not appear to be declining.¹⁶

Distribution: Anolis aequatorialis is endemic to an estimated area of 6,141 km² along the Pacific slopes of the Andes in Ecuador (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Distribution of Anolis aequatorialis in Ecuador. The star corresponds to the type locality: Chillogallo–Chiriboga road, Pichincha province. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.

Etymology: The generic name Anolis is thought to have originated from Cariban languages, specifically from the word anoli, which is the name Arawak peoples may have used to refer to this group of lizards.¹⁷ The specific epithet aequatorialis refers to the type locality: Ecuador.⁴

See it in the wild: Probably the best locality to find Equatorial Anoles is the cloud forest area around the town Mindo, Pichincha province. Although these lizards are active during the day, they are more easily located at night, as they will be roosting on low vegetation where their bright green coloration stands out when lit with a flashlight.

Author: Alejandro Arteaga^aAffiliation: Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador.

Photographer: Jose Vieira^bAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.^,cAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.

How to cite? Arteaga A (2023) Equatorial Anole (Anolis aequatorialis). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/ETTQ6638

Literature cited:

1. Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book project.
2. Williams EE, Rand H, Rand AS, O’Hara RJ (1995) A computer approach to the comparision and identification of species in difficult taxonomic groups. Breviora 502: 1–47.
3. Peters JA, Donoso-Barros R (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: part II, lizards and amphisbaenians. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., 293 pp.
4. Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Guayasamin JM (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Mindo. Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, 257 pp.
5. Yánez-Muñoz MH, Reyes-Puig C, Reyes-Puig JP, Velasco JA, Ayala-Varela F, Torres-Carvajal O (2018) A new cryptic species of Anolis lizard from northwestern South America (Iguanidae, Dactyloinae). ZooKeys 794: 135–163. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.794.26936
6. Ayala-Varela F, Velasco JA, Calderón-Espinosa M, Arteaga AF, Sagredo Y, Valverde S (2015) First records of Anolis ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1911 (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Ecuador. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8: 136–140.
7. Ramírez-Jaramillo S (2018) Microhábitats nocturnos en dos especies de Anolis (Iguania: Dactyloidae) al noroccidente de Pichincha, Ecuador. Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 8: 7–13.
8. Savit AZ (2006) Reptiles of the Santa Lucía Cloud Forest, Ecuador. Iguana 13: 94–103.
9. Fitch HS, Echelle AF, Echelle AA (1976) Field observations on rare or little known mainland anoles. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 5: 91–128. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.24957
10. Photo by Jorge Castillo.
11. James Christensen, pers. comm.
12. Photo by Jan Sveide.
13. Photo by Eduardo Zavala.
14. Photo by Murray Cooper.
15. Ayala-Varela F, Carvajal-Campos A, Rodríguez-Guerra A (2022) Anolis aequatorialis. In: Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Ayala-Varela F, Salazar-Valenzuela D (Eds) Reptiles del Ecuador. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Available from: https://bioweb.bio
16. Castañeda MR, Velasco J (2020) Anolis aequatorialis. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44551013A44551887.en
17. Allsopp R (1996) Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 776 pp.

Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Anolis aequatorialis in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used. Asterisk (*) indicates type locality.

Country	Province	Locality	Source
Ecuador	Bolívar	Cascadas de Angas, 1.9 km E of	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Bolívar	Chontapamba	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Recinto San Francisco	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Bolívar	Sector Piedra Blanca	Photo by Eduardo Zavala
Ecuador	Bolívar	Telimbela, 4 km E of	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Hacienda La Mariela	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Las Damas	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Las Pampas	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Pilaló, 12 km W of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Quillotuña–Pucayacu road	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Cotopaxi	Reserva Otonga	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Imbabura	Concesión Minera Cascabel	Ayala-Varela et al. 2022
Ecuador	Imbabura	Junín	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Imbabura	Junín, 4 km N of	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Imbabura	Lita, 6 km SW of	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Imbabura	Manduriacu Reserve	Lynch et al. 2014
Ecuador	Imbabura	Reserva Biológica Los Cedros	iNaturalist; photo examined
Ecuador	Pichincha	Above Tandayapa	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Bellavista Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Birdwatcher’s House	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Bosque Protector Cambugán	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Cascadas de Mindo	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Chillogallo–Chiriboga road*	Cisneros-Heredia 2017
Ecuador	Pichincha	Dos Ríos, 4 km NE of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	El Golán	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	El Monte Lodge	Morley Read, pers. comm.
Ecuador	Pichincha	Estación Biológica Río Bravo	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Finca Elenita	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Hacienda La Hesperia	Brouwer 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	La Unión–Río Cinto	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2009
Ecuador	Pichincha	Las Tolas	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Llambo	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo Garden Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo Lindo Lodge	Photo by Heike Brieschke
Ecuador	Pichincha	Mindo, 3.5 km NE of	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Nanegalito	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Pacto	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Quebrada la Plata	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Las Gralarias	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Las Tangaras	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Maquipucuna	López & Barragán 1998
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Orquideológica Pahuma	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Reserva Tamboquinde	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Río Chisinche	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Sachatamia Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Santa Lucía Reserve	Tolhurst et al. 2016
Ecuador	Pichincha	Saragoza	Ramírez-Jaramillo 2018
Ecuador	Pichincha	Séptimo Paraíso	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Pichincha	Tandapi	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Pichincha	Yellow House Lodge	Reptiles of Ecuador book database
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Bosque Protector Río Guajalito	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Chiriboga–Las Palmas road	Arteaga et al. 2013
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Finca La Favorita	Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2018
Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas	Río Faisanes	Arteaga et al. 2013

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